Nobel Prizes 2012

Nobel Prizes 2012

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award.Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money which is decided by Nobel Foundation yearly. As of 2012, each prize was worth 8 million SEK (c.US$1.2 million, €0.93 million).

The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded inStockholm, Sweden. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Economics

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012 was awarded jointly to Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley “for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design”

Physics

Serge Haroche of France and David Wineland of the U.S. for “for ground-breaking experimental methods” that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.

Chemistry

Two U.S. scientists Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka have won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering a primary way the billions of cells in the body sense their environment, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent” .

Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan of china “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”.

Peace

The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 was awarded to European Union (EU) ”for [having] over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe